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Related Concept Videos

Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

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A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial...
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Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

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DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic...
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Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Relapsing granulomatous amoebic encephalitis.

Sampurna Chowdhury1, Yamini Priyanka1, Ayush Agarwal1

  • 1Neurology, AIIMS, New Delhi, Delhi, India.

Practical Neurology
|July 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rare central nervous system infections caused by free-living amoebae, such as Acanthamoeba encephalitis, can be fatal. This report details a successful treatment of a relapsing case in an immunocompetent individual, offering hope for similar challenging infections.

Keywords:
INFECTIOUS DISEASESNEURORADIOLOGY

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Free-living amoebae (FLA) like Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba, and Balamuthia mandrillaris are rare but severe causes of central nervous system (CNS) infections.
  • Naegleria fowleri causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, while Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia mandrillaris typically cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, often in immunocompromised individuals.
  • Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis is nearly universally fatal despite treatment, and early diagnosis is difficult due to non-specific neurological symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a rare case of successfully treated relapsing Acanthamoeba encephalitis.
  • To highlight the possibility of successful treatment in immunocompetent individuals.
  • To contribute to the limited understanding of managing CNS infections caused by Acanthamoeba.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a patient with relapsing Acanthamoeba encephalitis.
  • Detailed clinical presentation and diagnostic workup.
  • Description of the treatment regimen and patient outcome.

Main Results:

  • Successful treatment of relapsing Acanthamoeba encephalitis in an immunocompetent individual.
  • Demonstration of a feasible therapeutic approach for this rare and often fatal condition.
  • Resolution of neurological symptoms and long-term recovery.

Conclusions:

  • Acanthamoeba encephalitis, even in relapsing forms and immunocompetent hosts, can be successfully treated.
  • Early diagnosis and prompt, appropriate treatment are crucial for favorable outcomes.
  • This case underscores the importance of considering FLA infections in neurological bệnh lý and the potential for effective therapeutic strategies.