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Challenges and opportunities in mRNA vaccine development against bacteria
Ilke Aernout1, Rein Verbeke1, Fabien Thery2,3
1Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Nature Microbiology
|July 29, 2025
Summary
New bacterial vaccines using messenger RNA (mRNA) technology are emerging to combat antimicrobial resistance. Developing these complex vaccines requires careful antigen selection and construct design for future success.
Area of Science:
- Vaccinology
- Microbiology
- Biotechnology
Background:
- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health crisis, necessitating novel vaccine strategies.
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine technology, proven effective against viral diseases, is now being explored for bacterial infections.
- Bacterial pathogens present unique challenges for vaccine development due to their complexity compared to viruses.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review critical aspects of developing mRNA vaccines for bacterial diseases.
- To discuss antigen selection, immune response modulation, and mRNA construct design for bacterial targets.
- To highlight the current preclinical status and future translational challenges of bacterial mRNA vaccines.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of current research in bacterial mRNA vaccine development.
- Analysis of challenges specific to bacterial vaccine design, including antigen identification and delivery systems.
- Discussion of preclinical data and clinical trial progress.
Main Results:
- mRNA vaccine platforms show promise for addressing bacterial infections.
- Bacterial complexity necessitates tailored approaches for antigen selection and immune stimulation.
- Significant translational hurdles remain in bringing bacterial mRNA vaccines to clinical application.
Conclusions:
- mRNA vaccines represent a promising avenue for combating bacterial infections and antimicrobial resistance.
- Overcoming challenges in antigen discovery and optimizing mRNA constructs are key to successful development.
- Further research and clinical translation are essential to realize the potential of mRNA vaccines against bacterial pathogens.
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