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Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Author Spotlight: Investigating Physiological Functions of Vitamin A Transporters Using HPLC-Based Vitamin A Profiling
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Vitamin A5: Evidence, Definitions, Gaps, and Future Directions.

Torsten Bohn1, Sascha Rohn2, Volker Böhm3

  • 1Nutrition and Health Research Group, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 AB, Rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg.

Nutrients
|July 30, 2025
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Summary

Vitamin A5, a new concept, is defined as dietary precursors for an RXR activator. This essential micronutrient may prevent Western lifestyle diseases linked to low vegetable intake.

Keywords:
healthy dietleafy vegetableslongevitymental healthneurodegenerative diseases

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Nutrition Science
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Vitamins are essential micronutrients with established roles in human health.
  • The last vitamin was identified 80 years ago, highlighting the novelty of new discoveries.
  • The definition of vitamins and vitamin A requires clarification with emerging concepts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the foundational concepts and definitions of vitamins, particularly vitamin A.
  • To introduce and define vitamin A5 as a novel micronutrient.
  • To assess the role of vitamin A5 in preventing diet-related and Western lifestyle diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review summarizing key findings on vitamin definitions and vitamin A5.
  • Analysis of the biochemical pathways involving vitamin A5 precursors and RXR activation.
  • Assessment of epidemiological data linking dietary habits to Western lifestyle diseases.

Main Results:

  • Vitamin A5 is proposed as an umbrella term for 9-cis-β,β-carotene and 9-cis-13,14-dihydroretinol.
  • Vitamin A5 acts as a precursor for 9-cis-13,14-dihydroretinoic acid, an endogenous activator of the nuclear hormone receptor RXR.
  • A diet low in vegetables, particularly leafy greens, is linked to Western lifestyle diseases, with vitamin A5 offering a potential mechanistic explanation.

Conclusions:

  • Vitamin A5 is a newly identified micronutrient crucial for preventing diet-related diseases.
  • Vitamin A5 provides a mechanistic link between low vegetable consumption in Western diets and the prevalence of associated diseases, including neurological and mental health issues.