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Clove Oil-Based Nanoemulsion Containing Amphotericin B as a Therapeutic Approach to Combat Fungal Infections
Marcel Lucas de Almeida1, Ana Paula Dos Santos Matos2, Veronica da Silva Cardoso3
1Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Galênico, Farmácia Universitária, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.
Pharmaceutics
|July 30, 2025
Summary
This study developed clove oil (CO) nanoemulsions containing amphotericin B (AmB) for topical fungal infections. The nanoemulsions showed stability and effectively inhibited Candida and Sporothrix strains, offering a promising alternative treatment.
Area of Science:
- Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for infectious diseases.
- Dermatology and mycology research focusing on antifungal therapies.
Background:
- Candidiasis and sporotrichosis are significant global fungal skin infections caused by Candida and Sporothrix species.
- Emerging threats include Candida auris in immunocompromised individuals and zoonotic Sporothrix brasiliensis.
- Current antifungal treatments face challenges with resistance and side effects, necessitating novel approaches like nanotechnology.
Purpose of the Study:
- To formulate and characterize clove oil (CO)-in-water nanoemulsions (NEs) loaded with amphotericin B (AmB) for topical application.
- To evaluate the stability, drug release profile, and in vitro antifungal and cytotoxic activities of the developed NEs.
- To explore the potential of these NEs as an alternative therapeutic strategy for fungal skin diseases.
Main Methods:
- Clove oil chemical composition analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).
- Nanoemulsions prepared via ultrasonication with varying CO, Pluronic® F-127, and AmB concentrations.
- Characterization included droplet size, morphology, stability, in vitro release, antifungal activity (agar diffusion), and cytotoxicity (MTT assay).
Main Results:
- Eugenol identified as the primary component (80.09%) in clove oil.
- AmB-loaded NEs achieved particle sizes <50 nm with a polydispersity index <0.25 and demonstrated stability for 150 days at 4°C.
- The optimal nanoemulsion (NEMLB-05) showed rapid initial release followed by sustained release up to 96 hours, exhibiting enhanced inhibition of Candida auris, Candida albicans, Sporothrix schenckii, and Sporothrix brasiliensis, with synergistic effects observed between CO and AmB against C. auris.
Conclusions:
- Clove oil-in-water nanoemulsions containing amphotericin B represent a stable and effective topical formulation.
- These nanoemulsions demonstrate significant in vitro antifungal activity against key pathogenic fungi.
- The developed formulation shows promise as a novel therapeutic alternative for treating superficial fungal infections.
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