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Related Concept Videos

Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes01:15

Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes

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Non-oral extravascular routes, which encompass sublingual, buccal, topical, intramuscular, and inhalation methods, primarily utilize passive diffusion to transport drugs into the systemic circulation. The absorption rates and effectiveness of these routes depend on the drug's physicochemical properties, as well as the patient's anatomical and pathophysiological state.
Lipophilic drugs that are stable at salivary pH (6) and exhibit minimal binding to the oral mucosa are absorbed more...
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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport01:23

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Drugs need to permeate cell membranes to reach their target sites after administration. Orally administered drugs must transcend intestinal epithelial membrane barriers to infiltrate the systemic circulation. Drugs with a molecular weight of less than 500 Daltons diffuse through gaps between neighboring cells, called paracellular pathways.
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Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In vitro01:16

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In vitro experiments are crucial for understanding the transport and absorption of drugs through biological materials. These studies employ varied methods such as the diffusion cell method, the everted sac technique, and the everted ring technique.
The diffusion cell method uses a two-compartment cell, including a donor compartment with the drug solution, which simulates the environment where the drug is applied, and a receptor compartment with a buffer solution, which simulates the environment...
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Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In situ01:09

Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In situ

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In situ experiments, such as the Doluisio method and Single-Pass Perfusion technique, provide critical insights into drug uptake by simulating in vivo conditions for drug absorption.
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging
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Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: Methods for Enhancing Skin Permeability and Their Evaluation.

Elena O Bakhrushina1, Marina M Shumkova1, Yana V Avdonina1

  • 1A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119048, Russia.

Pharmaceutics
|July 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) enhances drug efficacy and reduces side effects by improving skin penetration. Recent advancements utilize chemical, physical, and nanotechnology methods for optimized drug delivery systems.

Keywords:
permeation enhancersskin permeationtransdermal systems

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Biotechnology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) offers a non-invasive route for administering Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs).
  • Increasing demand for patient-friendly treatments drives innovation in TDD.
  • The stratum corneum presents a significant barrier to effective transdermal permeation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in enhancing skin permeability for TDD.
  • To identify innovative methods and materials for overcoming the stratum corneum barrier.
  • To emphasize the importance of various enhancement strategies and evaluation techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature analysis of scientific publications, regulatory guidelines, and patents.
  • Review of chemical enhancers (ethanol, fatty acids, terpenes).
  • Analysis of physical methods (iontophoresis, microneedles, sonophoresis) and nanotechnological systems (liposomes, ethosomes, SLNs, transferosomes).
  • Emphasis on in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo evaluation techniques, including Franz diffusion cells.

Main Results:

  • Chemical enhancers, physical methods, and nanocarriers significantly improve skin permeability.
  • Active physical methods and passive nanostructured systems show particular promise.
  • Various evaluation techniques are crucial for assessing TDD system performance.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple analytical techniques are essential for the rational design and optimization of TDD systems.
  • Integration of chemical, physical, and nanotechnology approaches is key to overcoming skin barrier challenges.
  • Future TDD development requires a multidisciplinary approach combining formulation science and advanced delivery technologies.