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Proportional-Derivative (PD) controllers are widely used in fan control systems to improve stability and performance. A fan control system can be effectively represented using a Bode plot to illustrate the impact of a PD controller through its transfer function. The Bode plot visually conveys how PD control modifies the fan's response across various frequencies, providing a frequency domain interpretation of the controller's behavior.
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Circular-wrapped integration interference suppression-based channel estimation for WDM PDM CO-GFDM systems.

Xi Fang, Lingyu Liu, Yunzhang Wang

    Optics Express
    |July 30, 2025
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    Summary

    This study analyzes intrinsic interference in coherent optical GFDM (CO-GFDM) systems. It introduces a novel channel estimation method to suppress circular-wrapped integration interference (CWI), significantly enhancing system robustness and enabling T-bit/s transmission rates.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Communications
    • Signal Processing
    • Modulation Techniques

    Background:

    • Coherent optical GFDM (CO-GFDM) systems suffer performance degradation due to intrinsic interference caused by non-orthogonality.
    • Existing research lacks detailed analysis and theoretical discussion on intrinsic interference suppression for CO-GFDM channel estimation (CE).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To theoretically analyze and characterize intrinsic interference, specifically shifted-multiplied integration interference (SMI) and circular-wrapped integration interference (CWI), in CO-GFDM systems.
    • To propose and evaluate a novel channel estimation method for suppressing CWI in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and polarization division multiplexing (PDM) CO-GFDM systems.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical derivation of the frequency-domain transmission model for WDM PDM CO-GFDM, focusing on CWI suppression.
    • Development and application of a specific pseudo pilot sequence for CO-GFDM channel estimation.
    • Comparison of fully-loaded (FL) and half-loaded (HL) CE methods, evaluating robustness against CWI for pseudo pilot-based and random sequence-based methods.

    Main Results:

    • Circular-wrapped integration interference (CWI) is identified as the dominant interference in CO-GFDM systems, while shifted-multiplied integration interference (SMI) is negligible.
    • The proposed pseudo pilot sequence-based CE method significantly enhances the robustness of WDM PDM CO-GFDM systems against CWI.
    • Achieved transmission rates at the T-bit/s level in both linear and non-linear transmission scenarios, validated by Monte Carlo simulations.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed channel estimation method effectively suppresses CWI, a key challenge in CO-GFDM systems.
    • The proposed approach significantly improves the performance and robustness of WDM PDM CO-GFDM systems.
    • This work provides a theoretical foundation and practical solution for high-speed optical communication systems utilizing CO-GFDM.