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Modest advances, persistent inequalities: child mortality in Brazil from 2010 to 2022
Antonio Fernando Boing1, Alexandra Crispim Boing1
1Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.
Revista De Saude Publica
|July 30, 2025
Summary
Child mortality in Brazil saw a slight decrease, but significant socioeconomic and regional disparities in under-five mortality persist. These inequalities, particularly in infant mortality rates (IMR), highlight ongoing public health challenges.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Epidemiology
- Social Determinants of Health
Background:
- Child mortality remains a critical public health issue globally.
- Socioeconomic and regional disparities significantly influence child survival rates.
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze the evolution of socioeconomic and regional inequalities in under-five mortality in Brazil from 2010 to 2022.
- To quantify the impact of human development index on child mortality rates across Brazilian municipalities.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of 37.6 million live births and 563,711 child deaths (under five years) between 2010-2022.
- Calculation of infant mortality rate (IMR) and mortality for children aged 1-4 years.
- Stratification by Municipal Human Development Index (M-HDI) deciles and spatial analysis by microregions.
Main Results:
- Infant mortality rate (IMR) slightly decreased from 13.0 to 12.7/1000 live births; mortality for 1-4 year olds remained stable.
- Significant inequalities persisted: lower M-HDI municipalities had 49.0% higher IMR and 93.0% higher 1-4 year mortality in 2022.
- Excess of 76,832 child deaths attributed to inequalities; Northern regions disproportionately affected.
Conclusions:
- Despite a marginal reduction in child mortality, substantial socioeconomic and regional disparities persist in Brazil.
- Targeted interventions are crucial to address the persistent inequalities in child survival.
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