Structural dynamics of dengue virus during human-to-human transmission mediated by mosquito vectors

This review explores the structural dynamics of dengue virus (DENV) during human-to-human transmission mediated by mosquito vectors, primarily Aedes aegypti. DENV remains a global health concern, with increasing cases due to climate change, urbanization, and mosquito adaptation. The structural biology of DENV, including its envelope (E), membrane (M), capsid (C) proteins, and RNA genome, plays a critical role in transmission and infectivity. The transmission cycle begins when mosquitoes ingest the virus from an infected human and later transmit it to others after viral replication within their salivary glands. Structural adaptations occur both in the mosquito host and human cells, enhancing viral stability and infectivity. Host-virus interactions, such as immune evasion and cellular entry mechanisms, further complicate disease progression. This review highlights the impact of structural changes on viral replication, pathogenesis, and resistance, while emphasizing recent research advancements and future challenges. Understanding these molecular mechanisms is crucial for developing effective therapeutics and controlling DENV spread.