Unveiling the link: aging and its impact on ocular diseases

Aging is a process of structural and functional decline that occurs in the body with increasing age. As aging progresses, it weakens the cellular system, leading to dysfunction and metabolic imbalance (mitochondrial metabolism, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and blood and fluid flow changes), which can result in disease. Due to its unique immune and barrier systems, extensive cellular senescence can lead to various eye diseases such as cataracts, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), presbyopia, dry eye disease (DED), corneal disease, vitreous opacity, and diabetic retinopathy (DR). This review discusses the relationship between ocular diseases and aging by analyzing the biological mechanisms of aging and anatomical changes in eye structure and function. Furthermore, we highlight therapeutic advancements for age-related eye diseases, emphasizing pharmacological interventions and innovative delivery systems. Oral antioxidants and anti-VEGF therapies combat oxidative damage and abnormal blood vessel growth, respectively. Lutein provides retinal protection, while lifestyle modifications, including smoking cessation and balanced nutrition, are crucial for mitigating aging effects. Nanoparticle-based therapies offer targeted drug delivery and controlled release, showing promise in treating conditions like AMD. Gene therapy advancements focus on improving mitochondrial function and addressing lipid metabolism disorders. Early screening and timely intervention are essential for effective management. Future research should optimize these therapies for long-term efficacy and safety.