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Issues And Trends In Healthcare Delivery System01:29

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The issues and trends in healthcare delivery are constantly changing. The COVID-19 pandemic is one recent issue that wreaked havoc on healthcare systems, causing a shortage of healthcare workers, high demand for medicines and supplies, and increased medical expenditure due to a lack of insurance. Other issues include rising healthcare costs and care fragmentation.
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Drug distribution within the body is a dynamic process involving the movement of a drug in two directions across various compartments: from the bloodstream into tissues (tissue uptake) and from tissues back into the bloodstream (tissue release or redistribution). This process is passive and primarily driven by two variables: the concentration gradient between the bloodstream and the extravascular tissues and the drug's ability to cross the cell membrane.
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Drug Distribution: Volume of Distribution01:25

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The volume of distribution refers to the theoretical volume necessary to contain the entire amount of an administered drug at the same concentration observed in the blood plasma. The body's intracellular fluid compartment, which makes up two-thirds of the total body water, is contrasted with the extracellular fluid compartment—comprising plasma and interstitial fluid—that accounts for one-third. The volume of distribution can vary depending on the characteristics of the drug.
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BSVA: blockchain-enabled secured vertical aggregation algorithm for transactions management in drug traceability

P Bhuvaneshwari1, Y Harold Robinson2, M Bagya Lakshmi2

  • 1Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India. bhuvaneshwari.p@manipal.edu.

Scientific Reports
|July 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel Blockchain-enabled Secured Vertical Aggregation Algorithm (BSVA) enhances drug traceability. This system ensures pharmaceutical product integrity and supply chain security without a central authority.

Keywords:
Blockchain technologyCertificate authorityDrug traceability systemSecured vertical aggregation algorithmSupply chain management

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Area of Science:

  • Supply Chain Management
  • Information Security
  • Distributed Ledger Technology

Background:

  • The pharmaceutical supply chain relies on Drug Traceability Systems for tracking medications.
  • Ensuring the integrity and security of pharmaceuticals throughout the supply chain is a critical challenge.
  • Current systems may face limitations in privacy, scalability, and transparency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel Blockchain-enabled Secured Vertical Aggregation Algorithm (BSVA) for enhancing drug traceability.
  • To leverage blockchain technology for a secure and decentralized pharmaceutical supply chain management system.
  • To improve privacy, scalability, and transaction response times in drug tracking.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a Blockchain-enabled Secured Vertical Aggregation Algorithm (BSVA) utilizing the Hyperledger model.
  • Implementation of a decentralized framework with chain code for transparent transactions.
  • Deployment of smart contracts for secure data sharing and transaction processing via a Certificate Authority.
  • Utilization of robust aggregation for local model processing and chain code execution.

Main Results:

  • The proposed BSVA model minimizes the need for a centralized authority, enhancing data privacy.
  • The system demonstrates improved scalability, reducing response times for blockchain transactions.
  • Performance metrics confirm the efficiency of the BSVA in enhancing the overall drug traceability system.
  • The algorithm ensures the integrity of pharmaceutical products throughout the supply chain.

Conclusions:

  • The BSVA offers a secure, private, and scalable solution for pharmaceutical drug traceability.
  • Blockchain technology, through the BSVA, significantly enhances supply chain management and product integrity.
  • The decentralized nature of the proposed framework guarantees high transaction transparency and security.