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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Exploiting ^{20}Ne Isotopes for Precision Characterizations of Collectivity in Small Systems.

Giuliano Giacalone1, Benjamin Bally2, Govert Nijs3

  • 1Universität Heidelberg, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|July 31, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-energy collisions of neon-20 ions, complementing oxygen-16 data, can reveal quark-gluon plasma formation in small systems. Comparing these collisions precisely tests the hydrodynamic quark-gluon plasma paradigm.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • High-Energy Physics
  • Quantum Chromodynamics

Background:

  • The formation of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) in small systems at high-energy colliders remains an open question.
  • Proton-proton and proton-nucleus collisions have large theoretical uncertainties, hindering conclusive results.
  • Oxygen-16 collisions offer potential but may still have uncertainties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate how combining oxygen-16 and neon-20 collision data can precisely characterize QGP formation in small systems.
  • To test the hydrodynamic QGP paradigm using ab initio calculations and hydrodynamic simulations.
  • To leverage the unique shape of neon-20 to probe collective flow and QGP dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Coupling nuclear lattice effective field theory (NLEFT) and projected generator coordinate method (PGCM) for nuclear structure calculations.
  • Performing ab initio descriptions of oxygen-16 and neon-20 nuclei.
  • Conducting hydrodynamic simulations of oxygen-16+oxygen-16 and neon-20+neon-20 collisions.
  • Analyzing the collective flow of hadrons and isolating the impact of neon-20's shape.

Main Results:

  • Predicted enhancement in elliptic flow for neon-20+neon-20 collisions compared to oxygen-16+oxygen-16 collisions.
  • Quantified enhancement values: 1.174(8) for NLEFT and 1.139(6) for PGCM for the most central events.
  • Demonstrated that theoretical uncertainties largely cancel when studying relative variations between the two collision systems.

Conclusions:

  • Collisions involving two light-ion species provide a powerful method for precision characterization of collective dynamics.
  • This approach enables quantitative tests of the hydrodynamic QGP paradigm in small systems.
  • The study highlights the utility of neon-20 collisions for understanding QGP emergence.