Combating HIV Latency: A Review of Innovative Interventions and Nanotechnology-Based Formulations

The HIV-1 reservoir is a residual pool of integrated viral genomes that endure in a condition of reversible non-productive infection, notwithstanding suppressive antiretroviral therapy's ability to successfully inhibit HIV-1 replication and evolution. Individual T cells are capable of developing a latent infection due to HIV-1. Even in patients receiving highly effective marketed antiretroviral medication, latent virus survives perpetually in memory T cells and exhibit atypical cellular signaling and metabolic dysfunction, which can cause minor to severe cellular and systemic comorbidities. These include lymphocytic, cardiac, renal, hepatic, and pulmonary dysfunctions as well as genomic DNA damage, telomere attrition, and mitochondrial dysfunction. This latent reservoir is understood to be a substantial challenge for treating HIV-1 infection. The presence of a latent reservoir for HIV-1 can be used to explain the extremely low levels of viremia in patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy. In an effort to eradicate the latent reservoir, several methods are being investigated for reactivating dormant viruses. This review concentrates on figuring out how to awaken latent HIV-1 by adding detailed information about drugs and formulations discovered for latent HIV. This work may provoke the thoughts related for discovering many more promising drugs, and targeting strategies to totally eradicate the HIV.