Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles: a sustainable nanoplatform for targeted colon cancer therapy

Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), produced using natural sources like plants and algae, have emerged as promising agents for colon cancer therapy due to their distinctive properties and eco-friendly synthesis. This approach leverages bioactive compounds from natural extracts to precisely control nanoparticle size and morphology while enhancing biocompatibility and reducing toxicity. AgNPs exert potent anticancer effects against colon cancer cell lines primarily by inducing cell death through mechanisms including reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis modulation, leading to significant reductions in cell viability. Crucially, they demonstrate selective cytotoxicity, effectively targeting cancer cells while sparing healthy counterparts, thereby emphasizing their safety profile and potential for minimizes ng systemic toxicity. Comparative studies reveal that green-synthesized AgNPs offer enhanced efficacy and biocompatibility over their chemically synthesized counterparts. Furthermore, integration into nanocomposites, such as graphene-silver hybrids, unlocks synergistic properties that amplify both catalytic and anticancer activities, broadening their biomedical utility. This review highlights the recent advances in green-synthesized AgNPs for colon cancer treatment, explicitly evaluating synthesis methodologies, mechanisms of action, selective cytotoxicity profiles, and therapeutic efficacy relative to conventional approaches, thereby addressing a critical gap by consolidating preclinical evidence to guide future clinical translation. With their sustainable synthesis, selective cytotoxicity, and compatibility with combinatorial strategies, naturally derived AgNPs hold significant promise for advancing personalized and effective colon cancer therapies. However, further research remains essential to translate these compelling preclinical findings into clinical applications, ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of life.