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Related Concept Videos

Impact01:30

Impact

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Impact occurs when two bodies collide, leading to the application of impulsive forces between them. Analyzing impact mechanics involves considering two colliding particles moving along a line known as the line of impact, which passes through their centers and is perpendicular to the contact plane.
When particles with different initial velocities collide, they induce deformation by applying equal and opposite impulses. At the point of maximum deformation, the particles move together with...
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Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

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In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
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Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Fragmentation Overview01:20

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The ionization of a molecule into a molecular ion inside the mass spectrometer causes instability in the molecule's structure due to the loss of an electron. This eventually leads to the fragmentation or breaking of some bonds in the molecule. The fragmentation occurs predominantly at specific bonds to yield relatively stable fragments.
One type of fragmentation pattern is the cleavage of a single bond in the molecular ion. The cleavage leads to a radical and a cation. The cleavage can...
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Types of Impact01:30

Types of Impact

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Impacts can be classified in various forms, primarily under two subgroups: central impact and oblique impact. A central impact occurs when two objects collide head-on, possessing opposite velocities aligned along the line of impact. Conversely, an oblique impact occurs when two objects collide at an angle, resulting in a modification of both direction and velocity.
The coefficient of restitution is a metric for understanding the dynamics of impacts. It quantifies the ratio of relative velocity...
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Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Types of Collisions - II01:19

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When two or more objects collide with each other, they can stick together to form one single composite object (after collision). The total mass of the object after the collision is the sum of the masses of the original objects, and it moves with a velocity dictated by the conservation of momentum. Although the system's total momentum remains constant, the kinetic energy decreases, and thus such a collision is an inelastic collision. Most of the collisions between objects in daily life are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Fragmenting Bulk Hydrogels and Processing into Granular Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications
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Fragmentation of granular droplets on impact.

B Darbois Texier1, J-F Fuentealba2

  • 1Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire FAST, 91405 Orsay, France.

Physical Review. E
|August 1, 2025
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Summary

Granular droplets fragment more than liquid ones upon impact. Their final size and shape follow scaling laws related to grain size and impact speed, offering insights into droplet dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Materials science
  • Physics of soft matter

Background:

  • Liquid droplet impact dynamics are governed by surface tension and dissipation.
  • Granular droplets, composed of solid grains linked by liquid bridges, exhibit complex impact behaviors.
  • Dissipation and fragmentation in granular droplet impacts remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the final state of granular droplets after impact.
  • Determine how impact speed, grain size, and liquid properties influence droplet fragmentation.
  • Compare granular droplet impact with pure liquid droplet behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Measuring total surface area and perimeter of fragments post-impact.
  • Analyzing fragment size distribution.
  • Varying impact speed, grain diameter, and interstitial liquid properties.

Main Results:

  • Final perimeter and surface area scale with a Weber number based on grain diameter.
  • Granular droplets exhibit increased fragmentation compared to pure liquid droplets.
  • Fragment number and size distribution show similarities to pure liquid droplet fragmentation.

Conclusions:

  • Granular droplet impact dynamics can be described by scaling laws.
  • Fragmentation is a key factor in granular droplet impact outcomes.
  • The study provides a framework for understanding granular droplet behavior under impact.