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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Geophysics

Background:

  • Understanding the mechanics of objects interacting with granular media is crucial in various fields.
  • The drag force experienced during object penetration is complex and influenced by material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure and analyze the drag force on a rigid rod during vertical penetration and partial withdrawal into a granular medium.
  • To investigate the reduction in drag force during successive reintrusions compared to the initial penetration.
  • To develop a theoretical model explaining the observed drag force behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental measurement of drag force using a rigid rod penetrating and withdrawing from a granular medium.
  • Analysis of force regimes based on reintrusion depth and withdrawal distance (Δ).
  • Development and application of a theoretical model for stress field modification in granular materials.

Main Results:

  • Drag force significantly decreases during reintrusions compared to the first penetration.
  • Two distinct force regimes with different curvature characteristics are observed, separated by an inflection point.
  • A theoretical model successfully rationalizes experimental results and introduces a crossover length (λ) dependent on withdrawal distance (Δ).

Conclusions:

  • Partial withdrawal of a rod modifies the granular medium's stress field, reducing subsequent drag forces.
  • The proposed theoretical framework accurately predicts the observed drag force behavior and inflection points.
  • The crossover length (λ) is a key parameter governing stress modification and drag force reduction in granular media.