Effect of various parameters on the morphology of anodic WO₃ nanostructure: transition from nanoflowers to nanosheets

Nanomaterials with diverse morphologies have attracted considerable attention owing to their applications in numerous scientific disciplines. This study investigated the influence of various experimental parameters on the morphology of anodic WO₃ nanostructures obtained in aqueous HNO₃. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that WO₃ comprises a monoclinic phase, while field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) results revealed the formation of WO₃ nanoflowers and nanosheets morphologies under optimized conditions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis further verified the chemical composition and oxidation state (W⁶⁺) of the WO₃ nanoflowers. The proposed mechanism for the formation of nanoflowers and its transition to nanosheets based on chemical reactions is also elucidated. This study provides information regarding the specified parameters and their potential impact on the morphology of the anodic WO₃ nanostructures.