The role of music in ADHD: A multi-dimensional computational and theoretical analysis

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting children and adults worldwide, has seen a significant rise in diagnoses and medication prescriptions in recent decades. This trend has emphasized the need for non-pharmacological interventions such as music to aid ADHD management. This study explores the musical experiences of individuals with ADHD through a comprehensive analysis of user-generated content from the Reddit r/ADHD community between 2014-2024. Advanced computational techniques, including large language models such as Gemini 1.5 Pro and LLAMA 3.1 were employed for data extraction and categorization. Additionally, APIs from digital streaming platforms were utilized to analyze musical characteristics and lyrical content of 9,215 tracks across three distinct categories: focus music, stuck songs, and general purpose. Insights from selective attention, emotion arousal and mood congruence theories were used to interpret the findings. Statistical analysis revealed significant variations in musical characteristics, with instrumentalness showing the largest effect size across contexts, suggesting unique musical preferences among individuals with ADHD. Correlation analyses uncovered complex interrelationships between musical attributes, particularly in focus music, where energy, speechiness, and instrumental characteristics displayed distinctive patterns. The sentiment and popularity analysis of lyrics further illuminated the emotional landscape of music in ADHD experiences, revealing a strategic approach to musical selection as a potential cognitive and emotional self-regulation mechanism.