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Anatomy of the Heart

Anatomy of the Heart

The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.

Heart Valves

Heart Valves

The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...

Anatomy of the Heart

Anatomy of the Heart

The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
The heart has three layers: the innermost endocardium, the muscular myocardium, and the outer epicardium, all working together for optimal cardiac function.
Chambers of the Heart
The heart is made up of four...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Patient-specific Modeling of the Heart: Estimation of Ventricular Fiber Orientations

Patient-specific Modeling of the Heart: Estimation of Ventricular Fiber Orientations

Published on: January 8, 2013

Modeling heart rhythm using human engineered heart tissues.

Chengyi Tu¹, Arianne Caudal², Yu Liu²

¹Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. cytu@stanford.edu.

Nature Protocols

|August 1, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel human engineered heart tissue model to study tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. This in vitro model overcomes limitations of animal studies, offering a high-throughput platform for mechanistic exploration of cardiac dysfunction.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Cardiovascular Research
Stem Cell Biology

Background:

Elevated heart rate and irregular rhythms can cause cardiac dysfunction, known as tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.
Large animal models are traditionally used but have limitations in cost and throughput.
A need exists for more relevant and efficient models to study this condition.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate the first engineered human myocardium model for studying tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.
To overcome the limitations of traditional animal models in cardiac research.
To provide a platform for mechanistic exploration of heart rhythm-related cardiac conditions.

Main Methods:

Fabrication and maturation of human engineered heart tissue.
Assembly of a programmable electrical stimulation system.
Functional analysis and molecular comparison with existing models and patient data.

Main Results:

The engineered heart tissue model successfully recapitulated clinical hallmarks of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.
The model demonstrated high throughput and relevance to human genetics.
Molecular data validated the model's utility compared to canine models and human patients.

Conclusions:

A novel in vitro model using human engineered myocardium provides a powerful tool for studying tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.
This model enhances throughput and human genetic relevance, enabling deeper mechanistic insights.
The workflow can be adapted for creating complex cardiac models for various cardiovascular conditions.