Gynecological malignancy organoids: A game changer for personalized medicine

Recently, the incidence of gynecological malignancies has increased annually, posing a serious threat to women's health. Historically, the emergence and progression of gynecological cancers have primarily been studied using cell lines and animal models. However, these models often fail to accurately reflect tumor characteristics because genetic mutations frequently occur during long-term cultivation. Also, the complex tumor microenvironment is difficult to replicate. Consequently, these models have limitations in translating research findings into clinical applications. Organoids successfully retain key characteristics of primary tumors, including histological structure, genomic landscape, expression profiles, and intratumor heterogeneity. They provide new solutions to these challenges and have been effectively applied in drug development and personalized therapy. This review describes several common culture systems for organoids of gynecological malignancies. It discusses the latest technologies related to organoids and their applications in gynecological oncology. Despite limitations, organoids are ideal preclinical models and a promising platform for tumor research.