Advancing sociotechnical systems theory: New principles for human-robot team design and development

This paper reviews and adapts sociotechnical systems (STS) principles for the design and development of Human-Robot Teams (HRTs). Through a collaborative review process, the authors identify existing STS principles relevant to HRTs, suggest modifications, and introduce new ones to address the unique challenges of designing and developing human-robot teams. A framework of 34 STS principles grouped into seven themes is presented: Systems Design and Adaptation, Human-centered Approach, Integration and Optimization, Collaboration and Participation, Information and Communication, Organizational Alignment and Process Management, and Trust and Reliability. To address the dynamic nature of HRTs incorporating mutual understanding between humans and intelligent robots, eight new principles are introduced: Adaptive Autonomy, Agility and Responsiveness (future thinking), Cognitive Workload Management, Ethical Considerations, Transparency and Explainability, Collaborative Sensemaking, Trustworthiness and Unpredictability Management. This STS framework bridges traditional STS theory and AI-enhanced HRTs, guiding developers in creating effective, trustworthy, and ethical HRTs. The paper benefits researchers, developers, and organizations by addressing sociotechnical complexities and upholding a more balanced, ethical, and human-centered collaboration in HRT development.