Single-Atom Enzymes: From Evolutionary Insights, Precision Engineering to Breakthroughs in Biomedical Applications

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Catalysis
• Nanotechnology

Background:

• Single-atom enzymes (SAEs) integrate single-atom catalyst efficiency with enzymatic functions.
• SAEs encompass natural enzymes, mimic enzymes (e.g., DNAzymes), and single-atom nanozymes, utilizing isolated metal atoms as catalytic centers.
• While natural enzymes offer precise biocatalysis and mimic enzymes provide stability, nanozymes expand catalytic capabilities beyond biological limits, albeit with potential immunogenicity.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review cutting-edge advances in single-atom enzyme applications across key biomedical domains.
• To critically analyze current challenges and emerging opportunities in SAE development.
• To propose rational design principles for next-generation SAEs with enhanced multifunctionality.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature review of single-atom enzyme research.
• Systematic examination of SAE applications in biosensing, oncotherapy, antimicrobial strategies, and oxidative stress management.
• Critical analysis of design strategies, translational potential, and future directions.

Main Results:

• SAEs demonstrate significant potential in biosensing, oncotherapy, antimicrobial strategies, and oxidative stress management.
• Different types of SAEs (natural, mimic, nanozymes) offer distinct advantages and disadvantages regarding catalytic function, stability, and biocompatibility.
• Current challenges include optimizing biocompatibility and overcoming immunogenicity, while opportunities lie in enhancing multifunctionality through rational design.

Conclusions:

• Single-atom enzymes represent a transformative platform for precision catalysis in modern biomedicine.
• Further research into rational design principles is crucial for developing advanced, multifunctional SAEs.
• SAEs hold promise for accelerating the development of innovative biomedical applications.