Vulvar Rhabdomyosarcoma in an Adult Female Patient: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Vulvar Rhabdomyosarcoma (VR) is a rare gynecological cancer primarily found in children. This case report discusses the diagnosis, treatment, and management complexities of a 19-year-old patient with a slow-growing vulvar lesion. A 19-year-old female with obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease presented with a left vulvar lesion measuring 11 x 7 x 7 cm that was noticed five months ago. Core needle biopsy of the lesion revealed findings consistent with rhabdomyosarcoma. A Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET-CT) scan showed a hypermetabolic 8.3 x 6.7 x 6.7 cm mass in the left vulvar area, extending to the vagina, rectal wall, and anal region along with enlarged left inguinal lymph nodes. The patient was treated with the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study-IV (IRS-IV) protocol for 16 weeks with vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy was administered between weeks 9-14, followed by continuation chemotherapy until week 28. Interim PET-CT scan prior to concurrent chemoradiotherapy revealed a reduced mass size to 3.8 x 2.8 cm and resolved left inguinal lymphadenopathy. Despite completing treatment, the patient reported persistent back pain and mobility issues three weeks later. A subsequent PET-CT scan showed hypermetabolic lesions at vertebral locations C6, T9, T12, and L1-L3, along with the left ischium and bilateral femoral shafts. Thoracic vertebrae biopsy confirmed rhabdomyoblasts. Patient underwent palliative radiotherapy and spinal stabilization then proceeded with second line therapy with 1 cycle of Gemcitabine-Docetaxel but showed progression of symptoms described as persistent bleeding (hematuria) and neutropenia. Further diagnostics done to the patient showed possible bone marrow involvement. Unfortunately, the patient expired owing to symptoms of cancer progression. The management of adult-onset VR presents a significant therapeutic challenge, largely attributable to the scarcity of clinical trials and tailored treatment regimens for this specific age group. Outcomes documented in existing literature for adult VR cases present with recurrence, disease progression, and mortality. The treatment landscape in adults is complicated by comorbidities which may influence both the therapeutic choices and outcomes. Given these intricate challenges, this case echoes the need for research efforts aimed at developing management protocols specifically designed for adults with VR.