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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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Investigating Emotional Interference as a Potential Endophenotypic Marker in Attention-deficit Hyperactivity

Chaithanya Leon¹, Simran Kaur¹, Tanaya Batabyal²

¹Stress and Cognitive Electroimaging Laboratory, Dept. of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine

|August 4, 2025

Summary

Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and their siblings show altered emotional processing. The emotional Stroop task (EST) may serve as a cognitive endophenotypic marker for ADHD.

Keywords:

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)emotional interference task endophenotypic markers pre-stimulus pre-stimulus microstate analysis source localization

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Psychology
Genetics

Background:

Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and their siblings often display emotional information processing deficits.
Investigating cognitive and emotional conflict resolution is key to understanding the neural basis of emotional processing.
Pre-stimulus electroencephalography (EEG) microstates and pre-response source localization offer insights into emotional processing mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine emotional interference using the emotional Stroop task (EST) in children with ADHD, their siblings, and neurotypical controls.
To analyze behavioral performance, pre-stimulus EEG microstates, and pre-response source localization.

Main Methods:

Cross-sectional observational study involving 43 children with ADHD, 17 siblings, and 40 controls.
128-channel EEG data collected during EST performance.
Analysis of behavioral data, microstate parameters, and source localization.

Main Results:

ADHD children and siblings exhibited slower reaction times than controls.
ADHD children had lower accuracy, while siblings showed higher accuracy than controls and ADHD children.
Increased cognitive resource allocation was observed in ADHD children and siblings, indicating preserved trait for conflict resolution.

Conclusions:

The emotional Stroop task (EST) shows potential as a cognitive endophenotypic marker.
EEG microstate analysis identified Map 2 as a state marker and Map 3 as a trait marker.
Findings suggest preserved cognitive resource allocation as a trait in ADHD and siblings for managing emotional interference.