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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Preparation of Light-responsive Membranes by a Combined Surface Grafting and Postmodification Process
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Dual-Stimuli Chromogenic Membranes for Optical Security: Photochromic and Halochromic Anti-Counterfeiting

Lin-Ruei Lee1, Yi-Fan Chen1, Po-Xin Fan1

  • 1Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|August 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel dual-stimuli chromogenic membrane for advanced anti-counterfeiting and sensing. The spiropyran-functionalized material exhibits rapid, reversible color changes in response to light and acid, offering high spatial precision.

Keywords:
anodic aluminum oxide (AAO)anti‐counterfeitingphotochromismspiropyranthiol‐yne chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Development of advanced functional materials for security and detection.
  • Need for stimuli-responsive platforms with high spatial control.
  • Limitations of existing chromogenic systems in terms of speed and reversibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a novel dual-stimuli chromogenic platform based on spiropyran-functionalized anodic aluminum oxide (SP-t-AAO) membranes.
  • To demonstrate reversible photochromic and halochromic switching.
  • To explore applications in anti-counterfeiting and sensing.

Main Methods:

  • Surface functionalization of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes with spiropyran using thiol-yne chemistry.
  • Spatially controlled photopatterning using Chinese seasonal-themed photomasks.
  • Characterization using electronic imaging, EDS, GIXPS, TOF-SIMS, and video analysis for switching kinetics.

Main Results:

  • Successful surface modification and nanoporous morphology preservation confirmed by spectroscopy and imaging.
  • Demonstrated reversible pale-to-magenta (UV light) and magenta-to-yellow (acid) color changes.
  • Achieved rapid halochromic switching kinetics (0.4-4 s) and demonstrated chelation with heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Fe2+).
  • Exhibited excellent chromogenic stability over 20 days and moderate durability under thermal cycling.

Conclusions:

  • The SP-t-AAO membrane offers high-speed responsiveness, spatial precision, and long-term stability.
  • The dual-stimuli responsive platform is suitable for advanced anti-counterfeiting and sensing applications.
  • This work presents a versatile approach for creating patterned, responsive nanomaterials.