Organelle-targeted photodynamic platforms: from ICD activation to tumor ablation

Immunogenic cell death (ICD), as a specific type of regulated cell death, enhances the infiltration of effector T cells into tumors and boosts the anti-tumor immune response. Studies have shown that photodynamic therapy (PDT) can effectively activate the immune system at tumor sites, inducing immunogenic cell death. However, PDT requires a supply of oxygen and a deeper light penetration depth. To improve PDT efficiency, therapies targeting organelles have been developed. Different organelles mediate critical signaling pathways during the ICD process. By precisely targeting these organelles, oxidative stress and damage can be induced, thereby amplifying the PDT effects and triggering ICD in tumor cells. This review summarizes the strategies for PDT-induced ICD via targeting various organelles and explores the potential of biomaterials utilized in PDT-induced ICD for tumor immunotherapy.