Next-gen vision: a systematic review on robotics transforming ophthalmic surgery

Robotics in ophthalmic surgery marks a major advancement in surgical accuracy, safety, and therapeutic outcomes. This systematic review evaluates the evolution, current clinical applications, and future prospects of robotic systems in ophthalmology. A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for studies published from 2000 to 2025. Following PRISMA guidelines, clinical trials, observational studies, and technological reports on robotic-assisted ophthalmic procedures were included. Two independent reviewers screened studies for eligibility, extracted data on robotic platforms, surgical procedures, outcomes, and complications, and assessed study quality. A total of 126 studies met inclusion criteria, evaluating systems such as the da Vinci Surgical System and the Preceyes Surgical System. These platforms demonstrated enhanced dexterity and stability, enabling surgeons to perform complex procedures such as retinal vein cannulation and epiretinal membrane peeling with sub-micrometer precision. The integration of artificial intelligence and real-time image guidance improved intraoperative decision-making and surgical performance. Challenges reported included high costs, steep learning curves, and regulatory hurdles. Emerging technologies such as telesurgery, haptic feedback, and autonomous systems were identified as promising advancements that may further improve ophthalmic surgery. Robotic-assisted ophthalmology improves surgical outcomes and redefines surgical capabilities. Despite current limitations, ongoing technological developments suggest a future where patient safety and precision are optimally balanced, enhancing the scope and success of ophthalmic surgery.