Recent progress in stem cell and immune cell-based interventions for aging and age-related disorders

The extension of human lifespan has intensified the demand for developing more effective strategies to enhance quality of life. Age-related physiological decline and associated diseases now constitute significant societal challenges. As scientific understanding of aging mechanisms deepens, targeted intervention in the aging process is becoming increasingly feasible. Emerging evidence suggests that lifespan extension with preserved healthspan can be achieved through metabolic modulation and innovative molecular biology approaches. Notably, cell-based therapies demonstrate substantial anti-aging potential via multiple mechanisms including metabolic reprogramming, cellular repair systems, tissue regeneration, senescent cell clearance, and immunomodulation. This has catalyzed the emergence of cellular rejuvenation as a distinct discipline within anti-aging research. This review systematically examines current understanding of aging mechanisms, recent advancements in stem cell/immune cell technologies, and their clinical translation in age-related interventions. We further identify key challenges and future directions in the field, aiming to provide novel insights for extending human healthspan and improving geriatric care.