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The Fermi-Dirac function is represented by an S-shaped curve indicating the probability of an energy state being occupied by an electron at a given temperature. The Fermi level is the energy level at which there is a fifty percent chance of finding an electron, and it is positioned between the lower-energy valence band and the higher-energy conduction band.
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Tuning Fermi liquids with polaritonic cavities.

Riccardo Riolo1, Andrea Tomadin1, Giacomo Mazza1

  • 1Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 7, 2025
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Summary

Passive subwavelength cavities can alter quantum material properties. Researchers demonstrate cavity polaritons modify Fermi liquid parameters in 2D metals, observable via Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations.

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cavity quantum electrodynamicshyperbolic phonon–polaritonspolaritonic effectsstrong light–matter interactionsvan der Waals heterostructures

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Materials Science
  • Nanophotonics

Background:

  • Subwavelength cavities are explored for their potential to influence quantum material properties.
  • Cavity polaritons, hybrid light-matter quasiparticles, are key to understanding light-matter interactions in confined systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if passive subwavelength cavities can modify the properties of quantum materials.
  • To demonstrate that cavity polariton modes can alter Fermi liquid parameters in two-dimensional (2D) metals.
  • To show that these modifications are detectable through magneto-transport measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of Fermi liquid parameters in 2D metals subjected to cavity polariton modes.
  • Calculation of Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in a weak perpendicular magnetic field to detect changes.
  • Explicit computation for graphene within a planar van der Waals cavity composed of hyperbolic crystals and metal gates.

Main Results:

  • Fermi liquid parameters of a 2D metal are shown to be modified by cavity polariton modes.
  • These modifications are intrinsically linked to the cavity-environment interaction, independent of disorder.
  • The quasiparticle velocity of graphene in a van der Waals cavity is calculated, showing significant cavity effects.
  • Maximum effects are observed when phonon polariton modes align energetically with graphene plasmons, typically in the Terahertz range.

Conclusions:

  • Passive subwavelength cavities can fundamentally alter the electronic properties of quantum materials like 2D metals.
  • Cavity polariton coupling provides a novel, disorder-independent mechanism for tuning material characteristics.
  • Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations serve as a sensitive probe for these cavity-induced modifications in magneto-transport phenomena.
  • The findings highlight the potential of engineered optical cavities for quantum material manipulation, particularly in the Terahertz spectrum.