Multifunctional gold nanoclusters as next-generation theranostic platforms for disease management

Gold nanoclusters (GNCs), typically consisting of a few to a few hundred gold atoms with a core size below 3 nm, have emerged as revolutionary nanomaterials due to their diverse and tunable molecule-like properties, high photostability, and excellent biocompatibility. These advantages establish GNCs as next-generation theranostic platforms for precise nanomedicine applications. In this review, we summarize the typical synthesis methodologies, focus on their latest cutting-edge applications in disease management, including bioimaging, sensing, drug delivery, cancer, and other diseases. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with GNCs as theranostic agents. It is envisioned that this review aims to guide the rational design of GNC-based smart platforms and stimulate interdisciplinary innovation in personalized medicine.