Intelligent nanozymes: Biomimetic design, mechanisms and biomedical applications

Nanozymes are a unique class of nanomaterials that possess intrinsic enzymatic properties, exhibiting similar reaction kinetics to natural enzymes. As enzyme substitutes in various biomedical applications, nanozymes offer numerous advantages, including low cost, tunable catalytic activity, and exceptional stability. However, their catalytic activities are typically lower than those of natural enzymes, and the lack of precise control over their functional modulation limits their therapeutic potential. To address these challenges, the biomimetic and intelligent design of nanozymes has been introduced as a critical concept for enhancing their functionality. In this review, we will explore the importance of biomimetic design in the development of intelligent nanozymes. We will first introduce the foundational principles and strategies for their targeted design, followed by an overview of recent advances in the regulatory mechanisms and biomedical applications of intelligent nanozymes. Lastly, we will highlight the current limitations in this research field and propose future directions. With continued progress in biomimetic and intelligent design, nanozymes are poised to accelerate their clinical translation and large-scale commercialization, further expanding their potential in therapeutic applications.