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Teeth

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The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
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The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 12, 2025

Sampling and Pretreatment of Tooth Enamel Carbonate for Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis

Sampling and Pretreatment of Tooth Enamel Carbonate for Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis

Published on: August 15, 2018

Tooth enamel as a forensic clock: A histological study evaluating enamel structures for forensic age assessment using

Divya Shetty¹, Shanvi Kumari², Nikita Gulati²

¹Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics and Research, I.T.S. Centre for Dental Studies and Research, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, U.P, 201206, India.

Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research

|August 8, 2025

Summary

Tooth enamel

Keywords:

Age estimation Enamel hypoplasia Enamel lamellae Forensic odontology Predictive modeling

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Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants

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Published on: March 29, 2018

Area of Science:

Forensic odontology
Dental histology
Age estimation

Background:

Dental evidence is reliable in forensic investigations.
Tooth enamel's durability aids postmortem analysis.
Histological features of enamel may indicate age, species, or gender.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate histological enamel structures for age assessment.
To determine the accuracy of enamel features in predicting age.

Main Methods:

Analysis of 120 premolar samples (ages 12-55).
Stereomicroscopic examination of linear enamel hypoplasia.
Ground sectioning for lamellae counting and polarizing microscopy for hypo-mineralization zones.

Main Results:

The C5.0 predictive model achieved the highest accuracy (85.30%) for age determination.
Lamellae number was the most significant predictor of age.
Predictive accuracy varied across age groups, with higher accuracy for younger groups.

Conclusions:

Unique enamel profiles can assist in identifying individuals from mass disasters or damaged remains.
Routine documentation of enamel defects by dentists is recommended for forensic comparisons.