Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Intellectual Disability01:29

Intellectual Disability

159
Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...
159
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

290
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....
290

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Development and Validation of Models of Risk for Behaviours That Challenge in Children With Developmental Disabilities: A Novel Machine Learning Approach.

Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR·2026
Same author

The configuration, funding and costs of providing services for children with behaviours that challenge.: A report undertaken as part of the Mapping and Evaluating Services for Children with Learning Disabilities and Behaviours that Challenge (MELD).

NIHR open research·2026
Same author

Perceptions and Experiences of Co-Produced Positive Behaviour Support Training in Community-Based Services and Organisations for Children With Intellectual Disabilities and Behaviours That Challenge: A Qualitative Multiple Case Study Design.

Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID·2026
Same author

Fifteen-minute consultation: Managing behaviours that challenge in children and young people with intellectual disability.

Archives of disease in childhood. Education and practice edition·2026
Same author

Navigating care together: developing a collaborative checklist to improve care for children with intellectual disabilities.

Research involvement and engagement·2025
Same author

The relationships between anxiety, psychotic-like experiences and autism: a systematic review.

Frontiers in psychology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 12, 2025

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

5.8K

Clonidine in 50 Children with Intellectual Disability: A Naturalistic Study.

Annie Swanepoel1, Raka Maitra2,3, Mona Botros4

  • 1SET CAMHS LD team, NELFT, Chelmsford, UK.

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology
|August 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Clonidine effectively treats attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), sleep issues, tics, and challenging behaviors in children with intellectual disability (ID). This medication is well-tolerated and improves functioning over time.

Keywords:
ADHDClonidineintellectual disabilitylearning disability

More Related Videos

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD
10:02

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

Published on: March 12, 2020

15.9K
Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
13:09

Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Published on: April 1, 2018

10.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 12, 2025

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

5.8K
Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD
10:02

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

Published on: March 12, 2020

15.9K
Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
13:09

Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Published on: April 1, 2018

10.4K

Area of Science:

  • Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Children with intellectual disability (ID) often experience adverse effects from standard psychiatric medications.
  • Off-label treatments are frequently necessary for this population.
  • Clonidine has shown potential benefits for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), sleep onset difficulties, challenging behaviors, and tics in children with ID.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of Clonidine in children with intellectual disability.
  • To identify factors predicting treatment response in this population.

Main Methods:

  • A naturalistic, cross-sectional survey of 50 children with ID treated with Clonidine over 3 years.
  • Data collected included treatment indications, dosage, and changes in functioning using the Developmental Disabilities Modification of Children's Global Assessment Scale (DD-CGAS).
  • Functioning was assessed before treatment and 6-12 months later.

Main Results:

  • Clonidine dose, ID severity, concomitant medications, and comorbid diagnoses predicted improved functioning at 2 months.
  • These improvements were sustained after 1 year of treatment.
  • Clonidine was generally well-tolerated.

Conclusions:

  • Clonidine is a useful treatment for ADHD, sleep difficulties, tics, and challenging behaviors in children with ID.
  • The medication appears effective and well-tolerated in this population.
  • Findings can inform clinical practice for pediatricians and psychiatrists treating children with ID.