Review: The lesser mealworm as a nutrient pioneer: Pathways to sustainable insect farming

The lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), has evolved from being a recognised pest to a promising sustainable nutrient source, positioning itself as a pivotal candidate in the alternative food and feed market. Regulatory frameworks, particularly within the European Union, have facilitated this shift by establishing rigorous safety and quality standards for market acceptance. This review discusses recent advancements in large-scale rearing and commercialisation of A. diaperinus, focusing on its adaptability, nutrient-rich composition, and alignment with circular economy practices. Key challenges are addressed, including the need for optimised rearing methods, consistent quality control, and safe bioconversion of various organic waste streams. Additionally, the role of bioactive compounds such as chitin and antimicrobial peptides is explored for their potential applications. This review underscores the multifaceted potential of A. diaperinus to tackle food security challenges and support sustainable waste management, highlighting its value as an innovative contributor to modern, sustainable food systems.