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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Active drops driven by surface and polymorphic phase transitions: Current understanding and emerging perspectives.

Diana Cholakova1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria.

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|August 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Simple temperature changes near the melting point can transform emulsion droplets into diverse shapes and structures. These transformations, driven by phase transitions, lead to phenomena like microswimmer generation and spontaneous fragmentation.

Keywords:
EmulsionLipidNon-spherical particlesRheologyRotator phaseSurfactantSwimmer

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Area of Science:

  • Colloid and Surface Science
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Emulsion droplets are typically spherical due to interfacial tension.
  • Droplet shape and size are generally stable during freezing and melting.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and unify discoveries on dynamic behaviors of emulsion droplets induced by temperature fluctuations.
  • To explore the underlying mechanisms of phase transitions in emulsions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic investigation of mechanisms and control parameters.
  • Review of published studies on emulsion droplet dynamics.
  • Comparison with literature on similar phenomena.

Main Results:

  • Temperature fluctuations induce morphogenesis into non-spherical shapes (platelets, rods, fibers).
  • Formation of composite structures, particle desorption, and microswimmer generation observed.
  • Spontaneous droplet fragmentation and formation of double emulsions occur.

Conclusions:

  • Observed phenomena are linked to surface and polymorphic phase transitions.
  • Understanding these transitions offers insights into emulsion stability and novel applications.
  • Highlights potential future research at the intersection of emulsion science and phase transitions.