US-CoastEX: Observation-based probabilistic reanalysis of storm surge and sea level extremes for the United States

Reliable estimates of storm surge and sea level extremes with proper uncertainty quantification are key for cost-effective risk/adaptation planning. However, observational estimates are often unavailable or uncertain along most coastlines owing to data scarcity. Here, we provide a fully observational-driven probabilistic dataset (US-CoastEX) of storm surge and sea level extremes for the U.S. coast (1950-2020). Non-stationary extreme storm surge distributions are generated for gauged and ungauged sites by applying Bayesian methods to the U.S. tide gauge network, complemented with additional storm data unavailable in commonly used tide gauge data. The distributions are combined with tidal peak data to estimate return periods and levels of extreme sea levels and their uncertainty. Ou results show that traditional site-by-site estimates based on existing model data, as well as regionally-aggregated analysis of standard tide gauge data, have underestimated 100-year extreme sea levels by 50% (on average) along much of the U.S. coast, especially in regions exposed to extreme storms. The data supports coastal managers to make decisions, especially in vulnerable areas where in-situ sea-level monitoring is limited.