Advancements in the investigation of the mechanisms underlying cognitive aging

Cognitive aging, a pivotal domain at the intersection of neuroscience and psychology, exhibits a strong association with neurodegenerative disorders; however, its comprehensive underlying mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. This review aims to provide a thorough synthesis of recent advancements in the investigation of cognitive aging in the brain, highlighting multidimensional assessment techniques, neurobiological foundations, molecular regulatory pathways, systemic changes, environmental-gene interactions, and intervention strategies. Evidence suggests that cognitive aging is marked not only by widespread neuronal loss but also by subtle modifications within neural networks, protein homeostasis, mitochondrial functionality, and epigenetic regulation. The integration of various technological methodologies has shed light on the continuum that exists between cognitive aging and neurodegenerative disorders. Concurrently, multidimensional intervention strategies are being proposed; however, current research frameworks face challenges due to limitations in biomarker systems, indicating a need for a paradigm shift. Future investigations should leverage emerging technologies to develop more precise regulatory frameworks and personalized intervention strategies aimed at addressing the global challenges associated with aging, thereby enhancing the prevention and treatment of related pathologies.