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Continuous Cuffless Blood Pressure Estimation Based on Fractional Order Derivatives via Gramian Angular Field Only
Jiaqi Li1, Bingo Wing-Kuen Ling1
1Faculty of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
IET Systems Biology
|August 11, 2025
Summary
This study introduces a novel cuffless blood pressure (BP) estimation method using fractional order derivatives (FODs) of photoplethysmograms (PPGs). The new technique improves BP estimation accuracy by capturing complex physiological dynamics, outperforming traditional methods.
Area of Science:
- Biomedical Engineering
- Signal Processing
- Machine Learning
Background:
- Continuous blood pressure (BP) monitoring is vital for preventing critical events like stroke.
- Traditional cuffed BP devices cannot provide continuous estimation.
- Existing cuffless methods using integer order derivatives of photoplethysmograms (PPGs) have accuracy limitations due to physiological nonlinearities.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop an advanced cuffless BP estimation method utilizing fractional order derivatives (FODs) of PPG signals.
- To enhance the accuracy of continuous BP estimation by addressing the nonlinear characteristics of blood flow.
- To compare the performance of the proposed FOD-based method against traditional integer order derivative approaches.
Main Methods:
- Photoplethysmograms (PPGs) were preprocessed using singular spectrum analysis (SSA).
- Fractional order derivatives (FODs) of the preprocessed PPGs were calculated.
- Multi-channel Gramian angular field (GAF) image encoding was applied to both integer and fractional order derivatives, generating multi-channel images.
- A ResNet-18 and U-Net architecture were employed for BP estimation from the encoded images.
Main Results:
- The proposed FOD-based method demonstrated lower estimation errors and higher correlation coefficients compared to existing methods.
- The multi-channel GAF encoding approach improved performance over single-channel methods.
- The FOD method significantly outperformed traditional integer order derivative-based techniques in BP estimation accuracy.
Conclusions:
- Fractional order derivatives offer a more effective feature extraction method for PPG signals in cuffless BP estimation.
- The proposed method provides a promising advancement for accurate and continuous non-invasive blood pressure monitoring.
- This approach has the potential to improve cardiovascular health management through more precise BP tracking.
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