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Related Concept Videos

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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AssessmentA comprehensive assessment is essential in managing a patient with rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Begin with obtaining a detailed medical history, including recent streptococcal infections, a history of rheumatic fever, or previously diagnosed rheumatic heart disease. Assess the patient for symptoms such as fever, chest pain, widespread joint pain (arthralgia), tachycardia, pericardial friction rub, muffled heart sounds, heart murmurs, peripheral edema, subcutaneous nodules, and...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

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Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

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Thyroid Status in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Shayekh Ferdoush1, Azhar Hafiz Baba2, Fahad Ul Islam Mir3

  • 1Respiratory Medicine, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Weston Super Mare, GBR.

Cureus
|August 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid dysfunction is common in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, particularly older females with longer disease duration. Early thyroid screening in RA patients can improve outcomes.

Keywords:
auto-immunityhyperthyroidismhypothyroidismrheumatoid arthritissubclinical hypothyroidism

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Endocrinology
  • Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease frequently associated with other autoimmune conditions.
  • Thyroid dysfunction is a notable comorbidity in RA patients.
  • Understanding the prevalence of thyroid abnormalities in RA is crucial for comprehensive patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence and specific patterns of thyroid dysfunction in patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis.
  • To identify demographic and clinical factors associated with thyroid abnormalities in this patient cohort.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional observational study included 100 adult rheumatoid arthritis patients.
  • Thyroid function was assessed via free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels.
  • Statistical analysis involved chi-square and t-tests to explore associations with clinical and demographic variables.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid dysfunction was present in 26% of RA patients, with primary hypothyroidism (14%) being most common.
  • Significant associations were found between thyroid dysfunction and female gender (p=0.0211), older age (p=0.0018), and longer RA duration (p=0.0013).
  • Increased fatigue and loss of appetite were more prevalent in RA patients with thyroid dysfunction (p<0.05).

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid dysfunction occurs significantly more frequently in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
  • Older females and those with longer rheumatoid arthritis disease duration are at higher risk.
  • Routine thyroid function screening is recommended for RA patients to facilitate early diagnosis and enhance clinical management.