Fucoidan-based delivery systems: From fabrication strategies to applications

Bioactive compounds such as curcumin, anthocyanidins, and quercetin demonstrate multifunctional therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, their practical application is hindered by inherent physicochemical challenges, notably poor aqueous solubility and environmental sensitivity, which compromise bioavailability and efficacy. To overcome these limitations, advanced biopolymer-based delivery systems have gained prominence as innovative strategies. Among natural polymers, fucoidan-a sulfated marine polysaccharide with unique structural features and intrinsic bioactivity-has emerged as a versatile carrier for diverse delivery platforms. This review first outlines the structural and functional characteristics of fucoidan, followed by a critical analysis of its applications in nanoparticle, emulsion, hydrogel, and film-based delivery systems. Furthermore, novel engineering approaches, such as aerogel design and lipid complexation, are highlighted for their potential to expand fucoidan's utility in tailored delivery solutions. While previous reviews have addressed fucoidan-related research, this study presents the first three-dimensional integrated analysis encompassing structural characteristics, fabrication strategies, and functional applications of fucoidan-based systems. By synthesizing current advancements and identifying future directions, this review aims to advance the rational development of fucoidan-based technologies for enhanced functional food applications and related industrial innovations.