Extending the Dark Side of Identity Processes With Identity Distress

Latent profile analysis of the dimensions of identity scale (DIDS) provides a person-centered configuration of adaptive (commitment, identification with commitment; exploration in breadth and in depth) and maladaptive (ruminative exploration) identity processes. The DIDS focuses on the future domain in the present. In this study DIDS profile analysis was extended to include the Identity Distress Scale (IDS), an affective index of uncertainty and difficulties with identity issues in general content areas relevant to young adults and its impact on adjustment. Identity distress is conceptualized on a continuum from adaptive to dysfunctional in relation to identity development. Its inclusion with identity processes was expected to provide a more nuanced description of the person-centered identity profiles.

Participants were 914 students (mdn = 19 years; 79.6% women) at a university located in a nonmetropolitan city in the prairie provinces of Canada. During 2017 and 2018 students completed an online survey that included the DIDS, IDS, and various standardized measures of identity, mental health, and adjustment at university.

The findings revealed four latent profiles: Carefree Diffusion (6.9%), Troubled Diffusion (24.8%), Achievement (28.2%), and Undifferentiated (40.1%) but neither Foreclosure nor Moratorium were found. These results are consistent with variations in the profiles across other countries and contexts. Expected associations were supported between the profiles and most outcome measures. The low incidence of adaptive identity processes notably exploration was considered in terms of culture and context.

This study adds to the complexity of individual pathways and contextual differences in identity development.