Identity processes and distress: a person-centered analysis of ecuadorian university students

This study extended the identity development framework using latent profile analysis of identity processes on the Dimensions of Identity Scale (DIDS) with identity distress on the Identity Distress Scale (IDS), an affective indicator of difficulties with relevant identity issues. The objective was to investigate person-centered identity functioning typically obscured in variable-centered mean level research and how these profiles associate with traditional measures of identity, mental health, and psychosocial adjustment. Participants were 412 Ecuadorian university students (median_age = 21 years; 67% female). They completed online surveys that included the DIDS, IDS and measures of psychosocial development, functional well-being, and mental health. Consistent with profiles found in the Netherlands, United States, and other countries the findings supported a five-profile model that included Troubled Diffusion (20.4%), Carefree Diffusion (5.4%), Foreclosure (11.6%), Undifferentiated (40%), and Achievement (24.5%). As expected, profile differences on ego strengths and achieved identity status provided criterion validity. Predictive validity was indicated with adjustment to university, perceived stress, optimism, agency, and psychological symptoms. Findings underscore the relevance of identity profiles among young adults in Ecuador, emphasize the importance of culture in identity development, and provide directions for further research and supportive services in relation to students' mental health and well-being.