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Updated: Jul 28, 2026
High-Throughput In Vitro Assay using Patient-Derived Tumor Organoids
Published on: June 14, 2021
Bioprinting of patient-derived heterogeneous renal cell carcinoma organoids for personalized therapy
Shuangshuang Mao1,2, Ruiyang Xie3, Jianzhong Shou4
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomanufacturing Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
Abstract:
Tumor organoids that can accurately recapitulate the pathophysiological characteristics of original tumor are urgently needed for personalized therapy. However, there are few published studies on patient-derived renal cell carcinoma (RCC) heterogeneous organoids for drug testing to account for patient-specific heterogeneous clinical responses, which has significantly impeded research in the field. Traditional RCC organoid technologies involving matrigel droplets require intensive manual manipulation and are hampered by variability, functional immaturity, low throughput, and limited scale. Here, we applied extrusion-based high-throughput bioprinter to rapidly generate heterogeneous RCC organoids with uniform size, realizing batch automated stable construction and quality control. Bioprinted RCC organoids reserved the pathological morphology and gene mutation/expression characteristics of original tumor and demonstrate interorganoid and interpatient heterogeneity even after long-term cultivation, which are suitable for preclinical patient-specific drug screening testing. Finally, we created multicellular assembloids by reconstituting RCC aggregates with stromal components to generate an organized architecture within vivo-like vascular morphology and spatial tumor microenvironment heterogeneity. Thus, we have demonstrated the wide-ranging biomedical utility of bioprinted organoids in furthering our understanding of the physiological mechanisms of tumors and the development of personalized treatment methods.
Insights
This study introduces high-throughput bioprinting for creating patient-specific renal cell carcinoma (RCC) organoids. These advanced organoids enable precise drug screening and better understanding of tumor microenvironments for personalized cancer therapy.
Area of Science:
- Biomedical Engineering
- Oncology
- Regenerative Medicine
Background:
- Patient-derived tumor organoids are crucial for personalized cancer therapy but are lacking for renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
- Existing RCC organoid methods are manual, variable, and lack scalability, hindering drug testing.
- Heterogeneity in RCC necessitates patient-specific models for accurate preclinical evaluation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a high-throughput bioprinting method for generating reproducible, patient-specific renal cell carcinoma (RCC) organoids.
- To assess the fidelity of bioprinted RCC organoids in recapitulating original tumor characteristics and heterogeneity.
- To explore the utility of bioprinted organoids and assembloids for personalized drug screening and understanding tumor microenvironments.
Main Methods:
- Utilized extrusion-based high-throughput bioprinting to generate uniform-sized, heterogeneous RCC organoids.
- Characterized bioprinted organoids for pathological morphology, gene expression, and long-term stability.
- Constructed multicellular assembloids by combining RCC organoids with stromal components to mimic the in vivo tumor microenvironment.
Main Results:
- Bioprinting enabled rapid, automated, and stable generation of RCC organoids with consistent quality and size.
- Bioprinted organoids accurately preserved the pathological and genetic features of the original tumors.
- Organoids exhibited significant interorganoid and interpatient heterogeneity, suitable for patient-specific drug screening.
- Assembloids successfully recreated in vivo-like vascular morphology and spatial tumor microenvironment heterogeneity.
Conclusions:
- High-throughput bioprinting offers a scalable and reproducible platform for creating patient-specific RCC organoids.
- Bioprinted RCC organoids serve as valuable preclinical models for personalized drug testing and therapeutic development.
- This technology advances the understanding of tumor physiology and facilitates personalized treatment strategies for renal cell carcinoma.
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