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Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving01:27

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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
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If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
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Thermal strain is a concept that arises when we consider how temperature changes affect structures. Unlike the conventional assumption that structures remain constant under load, real-world scenarios often involve temperature fluctuations that can significantly impact these structures. Consider a homogeneous rod with a uniform cross-section resting freely on a flat horizontal surface. If the rod's temperature increases, the rod elongates. This elongation is proportional to the temperature...
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The Joule-Thomson effect, also known as the Joule-Kelvin effect, describes the temperature change of a fluid when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while keeping it in a thermally insulated environment. This experiment is called a throttling process. This is an important effect widely used in refrigeration and the liquefaction of gases.
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Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. It is not always easy to distinguish heat and temperature.
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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Computational Fluid Dynamics
    • Laser Physics

    Background:

    • Thermal blooming, a phenomenon where laser-induced heating alters the refractive index of a medium, affects laser beam propagation.
    • Understanding thermal blooming in enclosed environments is crucial for applications utilizing lasers near 2 µm.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To numerically model and investigate the thermal blooming of a thulium laser within an enclosed chamber.
    • To explain the observed asymmetry in laser beam profiles.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized the paraxial equation for laser propagation coupled with Navier-Stokes equations under the Boussinesq approximation for buoyancy effects.
    • Employed radial basis functions (RBFs) for spatial discretization and a hybrid Padé-Newton approach for solving nonlinear equations.
    • Validated numerical simulations against experimental data.

    Main Results:

    • The numerical model successfully replicated experimental observations of thermal blooming.
    • Simulations demonstrated that the chamber's boundary significantly influences convective flow patterns.
    • This influence was identified as the cause of the asymmetric laser spot shapes.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides a validated numerical framework for analyzing laser thermal blooming in confined spaces.
    • The findings highlight the critical role of boundary conditions in dictating beam distortion.
    • This research contributes to the precise control and application of thulium lasers.