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Association Areas of the Cortex

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

Published on: June 20, 2012

A tight relationship between BOLD fMRI activation/deactivation and increase/decrease in single neuron responses in

Marie-Alphée Laurent¹, Corentin Jacques¹, Xiaoqian Yan²

¹Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IMoPA, Nancy, France.

|August 12, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers investigated how neural firing rates relate to brain activity signals measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). They found that face-selective neurons in the human brain can both increase and decrease their firing rates, clarifying the physiological basis of fMRI signals.

Keywords:

BOLD activation BOLD deactivation fMRI face-selectivity human intracerebral recordings neuroscience single neurons

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Last Updated: Sep 11, 2025

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Neuroscience
Neuroimaging

Background:

The relationship between Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent (BOLD) signals in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and underlying neural firing rates is not fully understood, particularly in human association cortex.
Previous studies have primarily focused on increases in BOLD signals correlating with neural activity, leaving the interpretation of BOLD decreases less clear.

Purpose of the Study:

To directly contrast neuronal activity with fMRI signals in adjacent brain regions of the human fusiform gyrus (FG).
To investigate whether face-selective neural activity is exclusively associated with increased neural firing or if it can also involve decreased firing rates.

Main Methods:

Utilized direct electrophysiological recordings of single neurons (single units) in the human fusiform gyrus.
Employed frequency-tagging stimulation to objectively identify face-selective neurons.
Contrasted neuronal activity in lateral FG (associated with fMRI increases) and medial FG (associated with fMRI decreases) during face perception.

Main Results:

Approximately 70% of recorded neurons were identified as face-selective.
Neurons in the lateral FG showed a selective increase in firing rate in response to faces.
Neurons in the medial FG exhibited a selective decrease in spiking activity to faces, with about a third showing genuine suppression of baseline activity.

Conclusions:

Human face-selective neural activity can be expressed as both increases and active suppressions (decreases) in spiking activity.
These findings provide crucial insights into the physiological basis of the fMRI signal, explaining both positive and negative BOLD responses.
The study clarifies the nature of neural processing in the fusiform gyrus during face perception.