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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
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Investigation of Early Plasma Evolution Induced by Ultrashort Laser Pulses
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Phase Transitions in an Expanding Medium: Hot Remnants.

Romuald A Janik1, Matti Järvinen2,3, Jacob Sonnenschein4

  • 1Jagiellonian University, Institute of Theoretical Physics and Mark Kac Center for Complex Systems Research, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We studied a phase transition in an expanding universe. Hot plasma remnants persisted, resisting cooling and bubble nucleation, even under cosmological expansion.

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Area of Science:

  • High Energy Physics
  • Cosmology
  • Quantum Field Theory

Background:

  • Understanding the early universe requires studying phase transitions in expanding media.
  • Holographic models provide insights into strongly coupled quantum field theories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the dynamics of confinement-deconfinement phase transitions in expanding systems.
  • To investigate the behavior of hot plasma remnants during expansion.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an effective boundary description.
  • Fitted the description to the holographic Witten model.
  • Simulated dynamics in boost-invariant and cosmological expansion scenarios.

Main Results:

  • Observed persistent hot plasma remnants that did not cool down.
  • These remnants resisted bubble nucleation despite system expansion.
  • Dynamics of remnant shrinking, dissolution, and reheating were robust across different expansion models.

Conclusions:

  • Hot plasma remnants exhibit stable behavior during expansion, challenging typical phase transition expectations.
  • The findings are consistent in both Minkowski and Friedmann-Robertson-Walker spacetimes.
  • This robustness suggests fundamental properties of such remnants in expanding universes.