Obesity‑related kidney disease: a review on ultrasound applications

Area of Science:

• Pediatric Nephrology
• Public Health
• Medical Imaging

Background:

• Pediatric obesity is a significant global health issue with serious metabolic, cardiovascular, and kidney complications.
• Early identification and intervention are vital to mitigate long-term morbidity in affected children.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications of childhood obesity, specifically its effects on kidney health.
• To summarize current evidence on ultrasound-based screening for obesity-related kidney disease in children and discuss diagnostic techniques.

Main Methods:

• This narrative review synthesizes existing literature on pediatric obesity and kidney complications.
• It examines non-invasive diagnostic tools, focusing on the role of kidney ultrasound.
• Evidence-based management strategies for pediatric obesity are also discussed.

Main Results:

• Childhood obesity is associated with hypertension, insulin resistance, and early kidney dysfunction, including increased kidney echogenicity and hyperfiltration.
• Ultrasound findings show potential as early markers for kidney involvement in obese children.
• These markers may aid in risk stratification and timely intervention.

Conclusions:

• Pediatric obesity poses a substantial risk to kidney health, necessitating early detection and management.
• Kidney ultrasound shows promise as a non-invasive screening tool for obesity-related kidney damage.
• A multidisciplinary approach is crucial for managing pediatric obesity and preventing organ damage, though further research is needed to validate ultrasound's routine use.