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Optimized photon routing with a silicon 3 × 3 waveguide coupler device.

Salamat Ali, Riccardo Franchi, Stefano Biasi

|August 13, 2025

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Researchers developed a versatile 3x3 waveguide coupler for silicon photonics. This device offers flexible light signal routing, including signal crossing and even distribution, functioning as a tunable optical switch.

Area of Science:

Integrated photonics
Silicon photonics
Waveguide optics

Background:

Precise control and routing of light signals are essential in integrated photonics.
Conventional methods like multi-mode interferometers and microresonators are used for light routing.
N x N waveguide couplers offer an alternative approach for light signal management.

Purpose of the Study:

To theoretically and experimentally investigate a 3x3 waveguide coupler on a silicon photonics platform.
To demonstrate the versatility of the 3x3 coupler for various signal routing applications.
To establish a foundation for designing efficient and tunable 3x3 waveguide couplers.

Main Methods:

Theoretical modeling of n x n waveguide couplers.
Experimental fabrication and characterization of a 3x3 coupler on silicon photonics.

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Last Updated: Sep 11, 2025

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Fitting experimental data to a theoretical model to extract characteristic parameters.

Main Results:

Demonstrated multi-way signal routing capabilities of the 3x3 coupler.
Showcased specific functions including signal crossing and even signal distribution across three output waveguides.
Identified characteristic parameters and analyzed the impact of non-idealities by comparing experimental and theoretical results.

Conclusions:

The developed 3x3 waveguide coupler is a versatile device for silicon photonics.
The study provides a theoretical model and experimental validation for its performance.
This work enables the future design of efficient and tunable 3x3 waveguide couplers for advanced photonic integrated circuits.