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Related Concept Videos

Mutations in Microorganisms01:18

Mutations in Microorganisms

79
Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...
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Mismatch Repair01:20

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Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...
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Spontaneous and Induced Mutations01:30

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

145
Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Identifying Mutations by High Resolution Melting in a TILLING Population of Rice
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Non-Random Distribution of EMS-Induced Mutations Reveals Preference for Open Chromatin and Expressed Genes in Rice.

Xue-Feng Yao1, Yanhong Liu2, Zhiyong Li2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, State Key Laboratory of Forage Breeding-by-Design and Utilization, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|August 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis in rice is not random. Mutations preferentially occur in open chromatin and actively expressed genes, particularly near transcription start sites.

Keywords:
EMS mutagenesischromatin accessibilitynatural variations

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Genomics
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Mutagenesis is crucial for crop improvement and functional genomics.
  • The distribution of chemical-induced mutations is debated, with limited systematic investigation into their genomic location and relation to chromatin state or gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distribution patterns of ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-induced mutations in the rice genome.
  • To determine if EMS mutations correlate with chromatin accessibility and gene expression levels.

Main Methods:

  • Sequencing of 4,619 mutagenized M3 rice lines derived from EMS treatment.
  • Identification and analysis of over 7 million single-nucleotide mutations (SNPms).
  • Integration of genomic, epigenomic, and gene expression data.

Main Results:

  • A high coverage of rice genes (>97%) was achieved with identified SNPms.
  • EMS-induced SNPms were found to be non-randomly distributed, favoring open chromatin regions.
  • Mutations were enriched in actively expressed genes, with specific enrichment patterns for heterozygous and homozygous SNPms relative to transcription start sites (TSSs).

Conclusions:

  • Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-induced mutations in rice are not randomly distributed across the genome.
  • Mutations show a preference for functionally significant genomic regions, including open chromatin and actively transcribed genes.
  • Findings challenge the assumption of random mutation distribution and highlight the influence of genomic context on mutagenesis.