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DNA Microarrays

DNA Microarrays

Microarrays are high-throughput and relatively inexpensive assays that can be automated to analyze large quantities of data at a time. They are used in genome-wide studies to compare gene or protein expression under two varied conditions, such as healthy and diseased states. Microarrays consist of glass or silica slides on which probe molecules are covalently attached through surface functionalization. Most commonly, the slides are prepared through the chemisorption of silanes to silica...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Robust 3D DNA FISH Using Directly Labeled Probes

Robust 3D DNA FISH Using Directly Labeled Probes

Published on: August 15, 2013

Spatial Molecular Heterogeneity on Biofunctionalized Particles Quantified by Three-Dimensional Single-Molecule

Wei Shan Tan^1,2, Arthur M de Jong^2,3, Menno W J Prins^1,2,3,4

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids

|August 13, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new imaging analysis framework to precisely measure and control molecule distribution on biofunctionalized particles, crucial for advancing bioscience applications.

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

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Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Nanotechnology
Molecular Imaging

Background:

Controlling spatial molecular distribution on biofunctionalized particles is key for optimizing their performance in bioscience.
Existing methods lack the precision to quantify molecular heterogeneity on particle surfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate an analysis framework for quantitatively assessing spatial molecular properties of biofunctionalized particles.
To enable precise control over molecular arrangements on particle surfaces for improved functionality.

Main Methods:

Utilized 3D DNA-PAINT (DirectёлPAINT) imaging for high-resolution visualization of conjugated molecules.
Developed analysis methods to correlate single-molecule data with particle surfaces, count molecules, and quantify spatial distributions.
Employed simulation-based molecular counting to determine high densities of conjugated molecules.

Main Results:

The framework successfully quantified spatial molecular distributions and densities on 1 μm particles functionalized with single-stranded DNA.
Revealed significant interparticle and intraparticle heterogeneities dependent on streptavidin-biotin and click chemistry bioconjugation methods.
Demonstrated the ability to access high densities of conjugated molecules and quantify their spatial arrangements.

Conclusions:

The developed analysis framework using 3D DNA-PAINT is a versatile tool for characterizing biofunctionalized particles.
This technique provides insights into bioconjugation strategies and guides future optimization for diverse bioscience applications.
Enables precise control over molecular heterogeneity, enhancing the development of advanced biofunctionalized materials.