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Survival models analyze the time until one or more events occur, such as death in biological organisms or failure in mechanical systems. These models are widely used across fields like medicine, biology, engineering, and public health to study time-to-event phenomena. To ensure accurate results, survival analysis relies on key assumptions and careful study design.

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Current Understanding and Future Research Direction for Estimating the Postmortem Interval: A Systematic Review.

Gabriela Strete1, Andreea Sălcudean2, Adina-Alexandra Cozma3

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania.

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Summary

Accurate postmortem interval (PMI) estimation is vital in forensic science. Combining traditional and emerging methods, like molecular markers and microbial analysis, improves accuracy, especially in complex cases.

Keywords:
PMIRNA degradationforensic entomologyomics technologiespostmortem imagingpostmortem intervalprotein biomarkersthanatological signsthanatomicrobiome

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Thanatology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Accurate postmortem interval (PMI) estimation is crucial for forensic investigations.
  • Traditional methods (e.g., algor, livor, rigor mortis) are limited to the first few days post-death.
  • Decomposition significantly reduces the reliability of conventional PMI indicators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and compare traditional and modern methods for PMI estimation.
  • To identify the advantages, limitations, and applicable timeframes of various PMI techniques.
  • To emphasize the importance of integrating multiple approaches for enhanced accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science following PRISMA guidelines.
  • Inclusion of original articles and reviews evaluating PMI estimation methods.
  • Data extraction focused on study design, methodology, PMI range, and accuracy.

Main Results:

  • Emerging techniques (molecular markers, microbial succession, omics, imaging) show promise for extended PMI.
  • RNA degradation methods are accurate within 72 hours; entomology and microbial analysis suit later stages.
  • Combining traditional and modern methods, tailored to specific cases, improves overall PMI accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • An integrative, multidisciplinary, evidence-based approach is recommended for time-since-death estimation.
  • This strategy enhances forensic outcomes, particularly in complex or delayed cases.
  • Validated, multi-method protocols increase legal reliability and support expert testimony.